三种圈养草食性野生动物粪便对 粪食性金龟的引诱效果

圈养草食性野生动物产生的大量粪便堆积容易造成环境污染,且处理耗时耗力。如果能筛选、利用粪食性金龟对草食性野生动物粪便进行处理,无疑具有一定的应用价值。本研究于2019年8和9月,以南京红山森林动物园3种圈养草食性野生动物,亚洲象（Elephas maximus）、黇鹿（Dama dama）和长颈鹿（Giraffa camelopardalis）的新鲜粪便为诱饵,在南京紫金山研究了粪便对粪食性金龟的引诱效果。本实验分为2个阶段,第1阶段采用更换陷阱法,第2阶段采用放置陷阱法,采用单因素方差分析（One-way ANOVA）对粪食性金龟诱捕数量进行检验。第1阶段更换陷阱法共引诱采集粪食性金龟4 597头,隶属于1科5属7种,优势种为中华嗡蜣螂（Onthophagus sinicus）和短亮凯蜣螂（Caccobius brevis）,占总捕获量的比例分别为48.79%和30.95%。第2阶段放置陷阱法共引诱采集粪食性金龟3 512头,同样隶属于1科5属7种,物种与阶段1实验结果相同。粪食性金龟对3种野生动物粪便显示多食性特征,在3种粪便中取食活动的有效时间段主要集中在1 ~ 2 d内,活动时间较短,粪便放置第7天,基本不存在粪食性金龟的活动。粪食性金龟群落的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数在亚洲象粪便中相对较高。本研究表明,动物园3种圈养草食性野生动物粪便对粪食性金龟具有较好的引诱效果,未来需进一步研究粪食性金龟对粪便的处理效果。     

Patterns of morphological and genetic diversity of Valeriana jatamansi Jones in different habitats and altitudinal range of West Himalaya,India

Importance to know and understand diversity of Himalayan plants is increasingly recognized considering the fact that various natural and anthropogenic pressures might bring about serious influences to morphological and genetic diversity of the vegetation in the region. In this context, Valeriana jatamansi was investigated in detail, taking into account its importance in various Ayurvedic and modern medicines. Randomly selected mature plants from twenty five different populations (located between 1215 m to 2775 m asl) of V. jatamansi were analysed for their morphological attributes. Further, ISSR markers were used to detect genetic variation among 151 plants of selected 25 populations. Use of 20 primers yielded 125 reproducible polymorphic loci which were used to estimate different parameters of genetic diversity. These parameters were in turn applied to develop relationships with habitat types and altitude range. Significant variation (p < 0.05) in above ground dry weight (AGDW) and below ground dry weight (BGDW) across the populations was observed. Nei's genetic diversity index (He) ranged from 0.25 to 0.37 across the populations, with a mean of 0.31. Genetic diversity exhibited a decreasing trend with increasing altitude, and maximum diversity (He = 0.325) was observed in the range of 1201–1500 m asl. Among the different habitat conditions, highest genetic diversity (He = 0.334; Pp = 84.38) was observed in grassland habitats while minimum in mixed forest habitats (He = 0.285; Pp = 72.433). The genetic diversity (He) had significant negative relationships with AGDW, BGDW and rhizome diameter (Pearson r = −0.359, −0.424 and −0.317, respectively; p < 0.05). The genetic characterization of V. jatamansi from the western Himalaya by this study suggests influences of habitat types and the altitudinal range upon genetic diversity, and based on these proposals for conservation strategies in favour of the species are made.     

浙江天目山种植林管理历史及粗死木残体特征影响柳杉腐木甲虫多样性（英文）

不合理的森林管理是导致腐木甲虫多样性丧失的重要原因。在中国亚热带地区, 多样性较高的天然林已被大面积的人工种植林取代, 然而, 这些人工林对腐木甲虫多样性的影响还研究甚少。本研究对浙江天目山自然保护区人工幼龄林（30~40年）、 人工老熟林（80~100年）和半天然混合林（>200年）中柳杉枯立木上的腐木甲虫群落及多样性进行比较。结果表明： 半天然混合林腐木甲虫个体数量（97.4±66.7）显著高于幼龄林（39.9±16.3）和老熟林（21.9±5.9）, 但半天然林混合林(27.9±11.2)与幼龄林(24.1±3.7)腐木甲虫物种数差异并不显著(P>0.05), 而幼龄林的腐木甲虫物种数和个体数量则显著高于老熟林(P<0.05)。腐木甲虫物种数和个体数量与样地粗死木残体体积相关性显著(P<0.05)。典范对应分析和多响应置换过程分析表明腐木甲虫群落特征在不同林型间差异显著(P<0.001)。柳杉枯立木直径、 粗死木残体的直径和数量以及林冠盖度均对腐木甲虫物种组成具有显著影响(P<0.05)。腐木甲虫营养级组成分析也表明, 半天然混合林菌食性甲虫数量显著高于种植林(P<0.001)。结果提示, 提高种植林粗死木残体的数量和质量可以增加腐木甲虫的物种丰富度, 但种植林腐木甲虫多样性可能在随后的演替阶段有所下降, 而且种植林与天然林在腐木甲虫群落组成上差异十分明显。     

Macrelmis pubescens (Grouvelle, 1889) – redescription of the species,designation of a lectotype and description of its larva (Coleoptera: Elmidae)

The adult of Macrelmis pubescens (Grouvelle, 1889) is redescribed, illustrated, a lectotype designated, and new locality information provided. The lectotype is housed in the Grouvelle’s collection in the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France. The larva of M. pubescens is described, illustrated and compared with the known larvae of the genus. A diagnosis for Macrelmis Motschulsky, 1860 larvae is provided.     

A Revision of South American Austroperlidae (Plecoptera)

The South American Austroperlidae are revised. Klapopteryx kuscheli and Penturoperla barbata are redescribed. The male and nymph of K. armillata are described and figured for the first time and the female genitalia redescribed. K. costalis is declared a junior synonym of K. armillata. K. barilochensis is transferred to Andesobius new genus and redescribed. New family and generic diagnoses and keys to genera and species are given.     

Morphological and molecular species delimitation within the Holarctic Ilybius angustior complex with a focus on Beringia (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae)

A fourth species of the Holarctic Ilybius angustior complex, Ilybius minakawai n. sp., is described from the Island of Sakhalin in the Russian far east. Male genitalia are diagnostic within this species complex, although from body size and shape the new species cannot be separated from I. churchillensis Wallis from north Alaska and the Canadian low arctic. The small and narrow body characteristic of these two species represents an extreme of the cold climate form of the widespread I. angustior (Gyllenhal). Low variation within the studied large ribosomal and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I mitochondrial genes suggest that speciation events within the I. angustior-complex are fairly recent. In combination with known geographical ranges, the low genetic variation within this species complex suggest speciation within Pleistocene refugia including Beringia.     

Evolution of nesting behaviour and kleptoparasitism in a selected group of osmiine bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

The construction of nests to rear offspring is restricted to vertebrates and few insect taxa, such as termites, wasps, and bees. Among bees, species of the family Megachilidae are characterized by a particularly high diversity in nest construction behaviour. Many megachilid bees nest in excavated burrows in the ground, others place their brood cells in a variety of above‐ground cavities or attach them to the surface of a substrate, and yet others have adopted a kleptoparasitic habit. Evolutionary transitions between the different nesting sites and between conventional nesting and kleptoparasitism in bees are poorly understood. In the present study, we traced the evolution of nesting site selection and kleptoparasitism in the Annosmia–Hoplitis group (Osmiini), which displays an exceptionally high diversity in nesting behaviour. We found that the evolution of nesting behaviour proceeded unidirectionally from nesting in excavated burrows in the ground to nesting in rock depressions and cavities, followed by the colonization of snail shells and insect borings in dead wood or hollow stems. Kleptoparasitism evolved once and the kleptoparasitic species have derived from the same lineage as their hosts. © 2012 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, 108 , 349–360.     

A new cryptic species of Aphaenops (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Trechinae) from a French Pyrenean cave: Congruence between morphometrical and geographical data confirm species isolation

A new species of cave-dwelling beetle from the pyrenean massif, Aphaenops (Cerbaphaenops) jauzioni n. sp. (Coleoptera: Carabidae), is described. Geometric morphometric analyses based on five morphological structures and comparisons with two populations of the closely related species Aphaenops (Cerbaphaenops) cerberus Dieck 1869 support the uniqueness of the new species. The specific status of the new taxon is also confirmed by the male genitalia structures. A putative scenario of population isolation is proposed.